![]() If you’re coming to the end of your studies at the University, you might be wondering “what next?” Some of you may have had fixed plans which have come undone because of COVID-19. Careers, Employability and Enterprise Manager Alice Mcdougall talks you through how COVID-19 is changing how we think about work. It might be time to think differently about what you want to do with your degree from the University of Sunderland in London. For optimal career decisions, Krumboltz proposes a seven-stage model that he labels DECIDES, with the letters standing for Define the problem, Establish the action plan, Clarify the values, Identify alternatives, Discover probable outcomes, Eliminate alternatives and Start action.Your future career plans might be on hold at the moment. The combination gives rise to an individual's personal standards of performance, work habits, emotional response to events and generalizations about herself as well as her broader worldview. ![]() The external conditions include economic necessities, along with social, cultural and political trends around us. Our learning experiences combine with external factors present during critical times in our lives to result in beliefs, skills and finally actions. Finally, vicarious experiences occur when individuals learn by observing directly and indirectly, through such media as TV and the Internet. Associative experiences arise when the person associates previous events with a later positive or negative reinforcement, concluding that certain acts must have indirectly resulted in later outcomes. Instrumental learning experiences are those in which a person is directly involved in a learning situation and experiences the reward or punishment from good or mistaken deeds firsthand. Krumboltz thinks that the learning experiences we have been exposed to largely shape our career choices, identifying three types of such experiences. However, what we must attribute to chance plays just as crucial a role hence the name of the last iteration of his theory: The word "happenstance" denotes the part that chance plays in career choices. In his 2009 paper, "The Happenstance Learning Theory," published in the Journal of Career Assessment, Krumboltz states that while genetic factors do play a role, there is nothing we can do about our genes, and we should therefore focus on environmental factors and events in our lives, over which we have some degree of control. ![]() The emphasis of Krumboltz on environmental factors should not be interpreted as a denial of genetic factors in career choice. Krumboltz calls this final iteration of his ideas the "Happenstance Learning Theory of Career Counseling." Nature vs. This effort was further supported by joint works of Krumboltz and Henderson in 2002, leading to the publication of the "most complete" of his books, "Luck Is No Accident," in 2004. In 1998, he revamped his original ideas, emphasizing the contributions of uncontrollable environmental effects on career decisions. While he published several iterations of his basic framework, Krumboltz sees his work until 1998 as slight modifications of the original material. He describes his early work as centered around environmental conditions and how they influence career decision. Professor Krumboltz began focusing on career choice theories back in 1975.
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